Ksar Aït Benhaddou in Morocco / Unesco World Heritage

Ksar Aït Benhaddou in Morocco

Aït Benhaddou, a historic ighrem or ksar (fortified village) in Morocco, once flourished as a vital caravan route connecting the Sahara and Marrakech. Renowned for its exemplary Moroccan earthen clay architecture, this UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987 showcases the region’s rich cultural heritage. Although over 90 families resided within the Kasbah in the 1940s, only five families remain today, preserving the legacy of this ancient fortress.

Ksar Aït Benhaddou Technical Information

The ksar, a group of earthen buildings surrounded by high walls, is a traditional pre-Saharan habitat. The houses crowd together within the defensive walls, which are reinforced by corner towers.

Ksar Aït Benhaddou Photographs

Aerial View

Ksar Aït Benhaddou in Morocco

Ksar Aït Benhaddou in Morocco / Unesco World Heritage

Fortified Village

Ksar Aït Benhaddou in Morocco / Unesco World Heritage

Aerial View

Ksar Aït Benhaddou in Morocco / Unesco World Heritage

Earth Clay Architecture

Entrance - Ksar Aït Benhaddou in Morocco / Unesco World Heritage

Doors and Market

Street View

Ksar Aït Benhaddou Streets

Roof

Ksar Aït Benhaddou Roof Terrace

Text by the Architects1

The site of the ksar has been fortified since the 11th century during the Almoravid period. None of the current buildings are believed to date from before the 17th century, but they were likely built with the same construction methods and designs as had been used for centuries before. The site’s strategic importance was due to its location in the Ounila Valley along with one of the main trans-Saharan trade routes. The Tizi n’Tichka pass, which was reached via this route, was one of the few routes across the Atlas Mountains, crossing between Marrakech and the Dra’a Valley on the edge of the Sahara. Other kasbahs and ksour were located all along this route, such as the nearby Tamdaght to the north.

Today, the ksar itself is only sparsely inhabited by several families. The depopulation over time is a result of the valley’s loss of strategic importance in the 20th century. Most local inhabitants now live in modern dwellings in the village on the other side of the river, and make a living off agriculture and especially off the tourist trade.

The village’s buildings are grouped together within a defensive wall that includes corner towers and a gate. They include dwellings of various sizes ranging from modest houses to tall structures with towers. Some of the buildings are decorated in their upper parts with geometric motifs. The village also has a number of public or community buildings such as a mosque, a caravanserai, a kasbah (castle-like fortification) and the Marabout of Sidi Ali or Amer. At the top of the hill, overlooking the ksar, are the remains of a large fortified granary (Agadir). There is also a public square, a Muslim cemetery, and a Jewish cemetery. Outside the ksar’s walls were an area where grain was grown and threshed.

The ksar’s structures are made entirely out of rammed earth, clay bricks, and wood. Rammed earth (also known as pisétabia, or al-luh) was a highly practical and cost-effective material but required consistent maintenance. It was made of compressed earth and mud, usually mixed with other materials to aid adhesion.

The structures of Ait Benhaddou and of other kasbahs and ksour throughout this region of Morocco typically employed a mixture of earth and straw, which was relatively permeable and easily eroded by rain over time. As a result, villages of this type can begin to crumble after only a few decades after being abandoned.

The ksar has been significantly restored in modern times, thanks in part to its use as a Hollywood filming location and to its inscription on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1987. UNESCO reports that the ksar has “preserved its architectural authenticity with regard to configuration and materials” by continuing to use traditional construction materials and techniques and by largely avoiding new concrete constructions. A local committee is in charge of monitoring and managing the site.

Ksar Aït Benhaddou Plans

Floor Plan - Ksar Aït Benhaddou

Floor Plan of Ksar Aït Benhaddou

Ksar Aït Benhaddou Image Gallery

A kasbah, also spelled casbah or qasbah, more rarely as qasaba, gasaba or qasabeh, in India also as qassabah, is a type of fortress, a citadel. By extension, the term can also refer to a medina quarter. In various languages, the Arabic word, or local words borrowed from the Arabic word, can also refer to a keep, an old town, a watchtower or a blockhouse.

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