Rem Koolhaas’s Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan (1978) remains one of the most influential architectural texts of the 20th century, offering a radical interpretation of Manhattan’s architecture and urban form. In this manifesto, Koolhaas delves into the chaotic, surreal, and highly dense nature of New York City, particularly its skyscrapers, grid system, and bustling public life. He argues that Manhattan’s “Culture of Congestion” is an inevitable consequence of its urban planning and the key to its success and innovation. Through ten key ideas, Koolhaas reveals how Manhattan embodies a unique and futuristic approach to urban living that celebrates density, verticality, and the collision of diverse programs.
1. The Concept of the “Culture of Congestion”
One of the most significant points in Delirious New York is Rem Koolhaas’s idea of the “Culture of Congestion.” With its skyscrapers, grid system, and vertical living, Manhattan’s dense urban environment fosters a unique urban culture that thrives on intensity and interaction. Koolhaas celebrates the congestion and density of Manhattan, proposing that it is not a problem to be solved but rather a feature to be embraced. This culture generates innovation, diversity, and creative energy by cramming different functions and activities into limited spaces.
Manhattan’s architecture is a paradigm of the exploitation of congestion.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
2. The Grid: A Framework for Freedom
Koolhaas highlights the Manhattan grid as one of the city’s defining features. The grid, established in 1811, provided a rigid structure that allowed infinite possibilities within its confines. Each block, identical in size and shape, became a flexible framework where architects, developers, and inhabitants could experiment freely. This paradox of structure and freedom allowed Manhattan to become a space for architectural and cultural innovation.
The grid makes the history of architecture and all previous lessons of urbanism irrelevant. It is a new way of thinking about the city: a factory that produces a constant flow of architectural mutations.
– Rem Koolhaas
3. The Skyscraper as a Metaphor for Urban Life
In Delirious New York, Koolhaas views the skyscraper as more than a physical structure—it is a metaphor for urban life in Manhattan. The skyscraper embodies the ambition, competition, and verticality of life in the city. It also represents the complex layering of different activities, from residential to commercial to industrial, all packed into a single vertical entity. The skyscraper becomes the ultimate architectural expression of Manhattan’s culture of congestion.
The skyscraper is the city’s ultimate and definitive instrument: it integrates, compresses, and expands all Manhattan’s urban potential.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
4. The Myth of the Coney Island Amusement Parks
Koolhaas traces the development of Manhattan’s architectural and cultural identity back to the surreal and fantastical environments of the Coney Island amusement parks in the early 20th century. These parks, such as Luna Park and Dreamland, became laboratories for experimentation in architecture and entertainment. They created artificial environments that foreshadowed Manhattan’s future as a place where reality and fantasy blend together.
Coney Island was the incubator for Manhattan’s ability to create synthetic urban experiences.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
5. The Role of Program in Architecture
One of the central themes of Delirious New York is the idea that the program—what a building is used for—drives architectural form. Koolhaas argues that Manhattan’s architecture is shaped not by aesthetic concerns but by functional demands. The diverse programs that skyscrapers accommodate, from office space to apartments to shopping malls, determine the form and layout of the buildings. The skyscraper is a machine for living, working, and entertaining.
This concept aligns with the idea that form follows function but with a specific twist. The principle of form follows function, often associated with modernist architecture, suggests that a building’s shape should be primarily based on its intended purpose or function. In Delirious New York, Koolhaas expands on this idea by emphasizing that Manhattan’s architecture is driven by the need to accommodate diverse and complex programs within a single structure (like skyscrapers). However, Koolhaas also highlights how these functional demands result in a chaotic and layered urban experience, often producing unexpected outcomes beyond traditional modernist approaches’ strict rationality.
In Manhattan, the city becomes a machine to churn out programs: space, not architecture, defines the city.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
6. The “Manhattanism” Phenomenon
Koolhaas coins the term “Manhattanism” to describe the unique urban condition of Manhattan. Manhattanism is the idea that the city’s extreme density and verticality create a new form of urban life and architecture. It is characterized by the coexistence of chaos and order, the overlapping of different functions, and the constant negotiation between public and private spaces. Manhattanism, according to Koolhaas, is a utopian vision of urban living where everything is possible within the confines of the grid.
Manhattanism is the ideology of the city as a building.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
7. The Paradox of the Downtown Athletic Club
Koolhaas uses the example of the Downtown Athletic Club, a skyscraper built in the 1930s, to illustrate the surreal nature of Manhattan’s architecture. The club housed a range of bizarre programs, from a swimming pool to a restaurant to squash courts, all stacked vertically within the building. This layering of functions, disconnected from the traditional idea of how a building should work, epitomizes Manhattan’s ability to combine incongruous elements into a single structure.
The Downtown Athletic Club rejects any fixed programmatic expectations: architecture and program are free to collide and produce unpredictable outcomes.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
8. The Architectural Legacy of Hugh Ferriss
Hugh Ferriss, an American architect and illustrator, plays a crucial role in Koolhaas’s narrative. Ferriss’s atmospheric renderings of New York skyscrapers in the 1920s and 1930s captured the dramatic potential of the vertical city. His drawings, often dark and monumental, depicted skyscrapers as cathedrals of modern life. Ferriss’s vision of New York influenced architects and developers, helping to shape the skyline that Koolhaas celebrates in Delirious New York.
Ferriss’s drawings of the skyscraper were a manifesto in themselves—envisioning New York as a city of towering monuments, part fantasy, part future.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
9. The Rise of the Interior
In Delirious New York, Koolhaas emphasizes the importance of the interior as a site of innovation and experimentation in Manhattan. As buildings grew taller and more complex, the interior spaces became increasingly detached from the outside world. The interiors of skyscrapers became self-contained environments where anything could happen. Koolhaas describes these interiors as “virgin territories” where architects and developers could create entirely new worlds.
In Manhattan, the interior becomes an autonomous universe, sealed from the outside world, where new programs and conditions can thrive.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
10. Manhattan as a Manifesto for the Future
Ultimately, Delirious New York is a manifesto for the future of urban living. Koolhaas argues that Manhattan’s unique conditions—its density, verticality, and culture of congestion—represent a model for the modern city. Rather than trying to escape from these conditions, architects and urban planners should embrace them as opportunities for creativity and innovation. Manhattan’s skyscrapers, grid system, and hybrid programs offer a blueprint for the future of cities around the world.
Manhattan is not the end of urbanism; it is its beginning.
– Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York
Conclusion
Delirious New York by Rem Koolhaas presents a compelling and imaginative interpretation of Manhattan’s architecture and urban culture. By celebrating the density, congestion, and verticality of the city, Koolhaas offers a vision of urban life that embraces the chaos and complexity of the modern metropolis. His analysis of the skyscraper, the grid, and the role of the architecture program continues to influence architects and urbanists, making Delirious New York a seminal text in contemporary architectural theory.
